Farewell To Arms :: essays research papers

The novel A Farewell to Arms, (1929) by Ernest Hemingway, takes place on the Italian front of World War I. Fredrick Henry is an American Lieutenant who drives an ambulance for the Italian army. On his leave time he often visits whorehouses and gets drunk. While fighting in the war, his knee gets injured and he has to go to the hospital in Milan where he meets a British nurse named Catherine Barkley and falls in love with her. During one of their many sexual affairs, Catherine gets pregnant. Fredrick greatly wants to desert the war because he is tired of seeing Italian solders killing each other. Fredrick and Catherine then escape to Switzerland by rowing across a lake. After they escape to Switzerland, Catherine has the baby, but during labor there are complications and she must deliver by having cesarean section. Other problems arise, she begins hemorrhaging, and dies. The baby also dies from the birth. Although this novel is not perfect, he uses very elaborate writing, and also sho ws how important it is to have good morals. “I loved to take her hair down and she sat on the bed and kept very still, except suddenly she would dip down to kiss me while I was doing it...inside a tent or behind a falls.'; This novel is very graphic when it comes to them having sex or while he is at the whorehouses during his leave time. Many things in this novel are inappropriate for children and adults. In more ways then one, Hemingway didn’t like women very much, one example is in chapter nine where he takes page and a half to describe how a solder dies who is not a main character in the book. But in chapter forty-one, he only uses approximately three lines to tell that Catharine dies, and she is a main character. In this novel there are a few things wrong. “The plain was rich with crops; there were many orchards of fruit trees...but the nights were cool and there was not the feeling of a storm coming.'; The elaboration and choice of diction in this book is extraordinary. Hemingway uses so many words to describe the little things in this book. “There was a great splashing and I saw the starshells go up and burst...biting his arm, the stump of his leg twitching,'; is another great example of how he uses much elaboration in the novel.

Antimicrobial Activity of Banana

The experience of human misery in the form of disease is perhaps as old as the inception of man on the earth. The history of medicine beyond record of human civilization is shrouded in the misery of obscurity; it almost touches the boundaries of mythology, both East and West alike. Several pharmacological industries have evaluated new era for the search of effective antibiotics throughout the world but on the other hand resistance to these an antibiotic by microorganisms has increased.The increasing failure of chemotherapeutics and antibiotic resistance exhibited by pathogenic microbial infectious agents has led to the screening of several medicinal plants for potential antimicrobial activity. They have a long evolution of resistance against microbial agents which has lead to alternative directions in drug development. The development of antibacterial agents derived from micro-organisms and chemotherapeutic agents from plants is a research area of the utmost importance. The present s tudy was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of banana (Musa sapientum Linn.)Blossom extract against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli). The appropriate extraction process with an outstanding antibacterial activity of the extract was the alcoholic extraction with 80% ethyl alcohol for 48 hours. The antimicrobial activities of the extract were evaluated using paper disc diffusion methods and assay plates. ?-sistosterol, 12- hydroxystrearic acid, palmitic acid and d-malic acid and tannic acid, the bioactive compounds isolated from Musa Sapientum Linn.can retain their inhibitory effect against bacterial growth in model media based on the inhibitory zone minimally. Contents Page Title Pagei Abstractii Table of Contentsiii I. Introduction1 II. Materials and Methods Flow Chart5 Preparation of Dried Samples6 Extraction of Fresh and Dried Banana Inflorescence6 Preparation of 0. 5 McFarland Standard7 Preparation of Nutrient Broth and 7 Adjustment of Turbidity Preparation of Assay Plates and Cotton-Swabbing7 Paper Disc Diffusion Method8 Reading the Assay Plates9 Analyzing the Results9 III. Results and Discussions10IV. Conclusions and Recommendations13 V. Acknowledgement14 VI. References15 VII. Appendices16 Introduction The experience of human misery in the form of disease is perhaps as old as the inception of man on the earth. The history of medicine beyond record of human civilization is shrouded in the misery of obscurity; it almost touches the boundaries of mythology, both East and West alike. Human or Animal sacrifices on altars of temples of god was a common practice even during the days when Indus, Nile, and Greek Civilizations were on their climax.Though these acts did not have any direct or otherwise bearing on the health of diseased or wounded, it had its own convincing or satisfying effects. In order to find remedy for illness and for providing relief to the wounded the man discovered its first res ort in plants. Several pharmacological industries have evaluated new era for the search of effective antibiotics throughout the world but on the other hand resistance to these an antibiotic by microorganisms has increased. It is known that microorganisms have the genetic ability to transmit and acquire resistance towards drugs.The increasing failure of chemotherapeutics and antibiotic resistance exhibited by pathogenic microbial infectious agents has led to the screening of several medicinal plants for potential antimicrobial activity. They have a long evolution of resistance against microbial agents which has lead to alternative directions in drug development. Most of green plants represent a reservoir of effective chemotherapeutants and can provide valuable sources of natural drugs, natural pesticides and bio-fertilizers.Therefore, extracts of plants and phytochemicals are getting more importance as they have the great potential sources for microbial and viral inhibitors during th e recent decade. Plant parts used for this purposes are bulb, gel, leaves, roots, barks, peels etc. Different class of plant family and their respective parts has been used to treat threat throughout human culture. Among the most ancient recorded uses of medicinal plants are those found in China and India, where historic approach to the treatment of human diseases is still practiced.Bananas are the fourth most important food crop in developing countries, after rice, wheat, and maize, with nearly 90% of the crops being grown for small-scale consumption and local trade. Banana plants are cultivated in more than 100 countries throughout the tropical and subtropical regions, occupying around 10 million hectares, with an annual fruit production of approximately 88 million metric tons. It possesses many curative properties and prevents many kinds of illnesses and conditions. Different parts of plant are used very 2frequently in different worship ceremonies by the Indians among them banana have many beneficial nutritional properties. They are a good source of vitamins C, B6, A, potassium, high content of carbohydrates and fiber, while they are low in protein. Several references have been reported for hot and cold extraction method of banana plant. Pharmacological investigations revealed that banana blossoms are screened for antidiarrhoeal activity (Rabbani et al. , 1999, 2001), antiulcerative activity (Pannangpetch et al. 2001; Goel and Sairam, 2002; Jain et al.2007), antimicrobial activity (Richter and Vore, 1989; Ahmad and Beg, 2001; Mokbel and Hashinaga, 2005; Alisi et al. , 2008; Fagbemi et al. , 2009; Mumtaz Jahan, 2010), Hypoglycemic activity (Ojewole and Adewunmi, 2003; Mallick et al. , 2006; Mallick et al. , 2007; Singh et al. , 2007); Hypocholesterolaemic activity (Vijayakumar et al. ,2009), antioxidant activity (Yin et al. , 2008), Diuretic activity (Jain et al. , 2007), Wound healing activity (Agarwal et al. 2009), Anti-allergic activity (Tewtrakul et al. , 2008), Antimalarial activity (Kaou et al. , 2008), Anti-snake venom activity (Borges et al.2005). Literature reviews indicated that banana fruits and flowers contain antibacterial principles and no reports available for antibacterial activities from corm of banana plants. 3 Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of active compounds like glycosides, tannins, saponnins, phenols, steroids and flavonoids in the M. sapientum flower ethanolic extract. It was revealed that tannins have the highest concentration value of 88. 31 mg/ 100 g. This is probably the reason why banana blossom has a good antimicrobial and antioxidative activity (Sumathy et al. , 2011). 4 Materials and MethodsThe procedure in conducting this research investigation consists of several steps. They are shown in the following methodology flowchart. Preparation of Plant Material Banana inflorescences were bought from the local market. The buds of the inflorescences were separated from the bracts, cleaned and sun -dried at under constant ventilation. Dried samples were diced finely. They were ready to be given at the Department of Science and Technology for extraction. Extraction of Fresh and Dried Banana Inflorescence The dried samples were weighed exactly 121. 57 grams in an Erlenmeyer flask.They were treated with sufficient 80% ethyl alcohol in order to completely submerge the sample. The Erlenmeyer flask was covered with the stopper and the soaked samples were homogenized for 24-48 hours. The soaked samples were filtered through Buchner funnel with gentle suction. The flask and the soaked sample were rinsed with fresh portions of alcohol. The washings and soaked samples were transferred to the funnel and the washings were combined with the first filtrate. Gentle suction was applied to complete the collection of the plant extract. The plant residue was discarded.The filtrate under vacuo at temperature below 50 °C to about 20 mL was concentrated. The concentrated extract was measured exa ctly 90 mL. It was then stored in a refrigerator at temperature 0 °C for further experimentation. 6 Preparation of 0. 5 McFarland Standard 0. 5 mL of 0. 048 M Barium chloride (BaCl2) (1. 175%w/v BaCl2 †¢ 2H2O) to 99. 5 mL of 0. 36 N Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was mixed. 5 mL of solution was distributed into screw-cap tubes of the same dimension as those to be used in preparing the culture suspension. Screw-cap tubes were tightly sealed and stored in the dark at room temperature.Preparation of Nutrient Broth and Adjustment of Turbidity of the Inoculum The preparation of 1000 mL solution was prepared according to the indicated label. A loopful of bacteria, gram positive or gram negative, from the culture was taken and inoculated in 50 mL nutrient broth. The culture broth was incubated for 18-24 hours at 35 °C. The culture broth for turbidity was observed. 5 mL of the culture broth was aseptically transferred in the sterile screw-capped tubes. The bacterial suspension was agitated on a vortex mixer and was immediately compared against the 0. 5 McFarland standard prepared.Preparation of Assay Plates and Cotton-Swabbing The assay plates were prepared depending on the number of test organism and replications required. Approximately 15 mL of 7 melted nutrient agar was poured into dry and sterile petri dishes and let the medium solidify. A sterile cotton swab was moistened into the inoculum suspension. It was used with wooden applicator handles. The sterile cotton swab was dipped into a suspension of the inoculum. The moistened swab was pressed and rotated firmly against the wall of the tube just above the fluid level to remove the excess liquid.The inoculum was swabbed aseptically into a solidified nutrient agar by streaking the swab over the entire surface of the agar plate three times. The plate was rotated 60 degrees after each application to ensure an even distribution of the inoculum on the surface of the medium and then the swabbed plates were stood for 5 m inutes. Paper Disc Diffusion Method One paper disc was picked out using the forceps and immersed into the plant extract. The moistened filter disc was laid gently on the seeded agar plate. The disc was tapped gently with forceps to ensure maximum full contact of the disc with the agar medium.The inverted plates were then incubated. 8 Reading the Assay Plates The discs were observed and a halo was formed. This is the sign of the zone of inhibition. The plates were inverted and measured using the ruler for each inhibition zone in millimeters. Analyzing the Results 19 mm may also be expressed as very active. 9 Results and Discussion Table 1. 1 shows the zone of inhibition in millimeters and the parameter Parameter Zone of Inhibition (mm) Staphylococcus aureus Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average Rommel Joshua 22 25 24 24 Escherichia coli Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 AverageCarlo Allison 25 25 21 24 The result obtained in the antibacterial activity obviously indicated that the ethanolic extract s howed its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. ?-sistosterol, 12- hydroxystrearic acid, palmitic acid and d-malic acid and tannic acid were bioactive compounds isolated from Musa Sapientum Linn. The zone of inhibition was more than 19 millimeters in diameter which means it is very active. According to this investigation, it could be indicated that antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of Musa sapientum L.is due to the present of those bioactive compounds. Graph 1. 1 shows the zone of inhibition of E. coli 11 Graph 1. 2 shows the zone of inhibition of S. Aureus 12 Conclusions and Recommendation Based on the findings of the study, the researchers’ arrived at a conclusion: The appropriate extraction process with an outstanding antibacterial activity of the extract was the alcoholic extraction with 80% ethyl alcohol for 48 hours. The ethanol showed an antibacterial activity against the tested microorganisms. The study show that the natural antimicrobial compounds of Musa sapientum Linn.can retain their inhibitory effect against bacterial growth in model media based on the inhibitory zone. But, there is no significant difference of the banana blossom in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus and E. coli. Based on the conclusion drawn, the following recommendations are given: The researchers’ would like to recommend further analysis on the other parts of the banana plant that can display an antibacterial activity. 13 Acknowledgement Foremost to God Almighty, the greatest author of all times, for His guidance and blessings who gave the researcher the strength and determination to finish this piece of work. Mrs. Letecia S.Villanueva, our chemistry teacher, for her moral support and encouragement as well as his utmost understanding and consideration which led to the realization of this study; the SRC committee, chaired by Mrs. Julieta N. Garcia with members: Mr. Elmer F. Conde, Mr. Bernabe L. Linog and Mrs. Mari e Lou S. Paler for their constructive comments, relevant suggestions and valuable input and for their understanding which greatly and surely pushed the researchers towards the accomplishment of the study; the DOST personnel for their tools and equipments in experimenting the study which surely gave the results of the study accurately; and to Mr.Edmund Mendoza for the statistical analysis which helped to conclude the study. To the researchers’ parents, Mrs. Marlita B. Ongtico, Mr. and Mrs. Roman O. Oronan, and Mr. and Mrs. Agra, classmates, parents and friends, and all those who, in one way or another, helped in financing, realization of the study and encouragement, never ending support and knowledge of the study.

The role and function of violence in the novel `The World According to Garp`

John Irving's notoriety as a novelist rests at least partially upon his admirable ability to fuse the comic and tragic in fiction, often within the same â€Å"sketch† or scene. His persistent vision of the absurd and sublime as conjoined twins alludes to a more profound and probing set of themes in his published fiction.In his novel, â€Å"The World According to Garp† the apparent domesticity of the story's characters and settings prove little protection against the forces of fate or circumstance which collide repeatedly with the domestic surface of the novel, many times in irruptions of violence, with much of that violence seeming to be random or bizarre. The function and role of violence in â€Å"The World According to Garp† is manifold; however, one of the primary functions of Irving's continuous depiction of violence is to portray the chaos and random dangers of the universe.The point of violence in â€Å"The World According to Garp† is not only to ins truct readers about possible sociological and ethical breeches in contemporary society, but to remind readers of the primal, seemingly random violence which fills the universe itself. One way of depicting violence in the novel is to show a darkly comic, almost slapstick vision of violence, as in the infamous Michael Milton â€Å"castration† scene where one of the novel's darkest and most tragic moments is simultaneously offset by the â€Å"humor† of the situation: his penis being bitten off in a car while engaging in an extramarital affair.There is simultaneously a notion of poetic justice in this scene, but also of devastating almost unimaginable tragedy which shatters the surface of the domestic scene. This juxtapositioning of violence with comic-tragic experience is continuous throughout the novel. â€Å"The existence of bizarre violence and the associated vein of black humor, even in the first section of the book, contributes to irony. The novel opens to the backd rop of a war, and Jenny Fields's brusque categorizing of the wounded The Role and Function of Violence in `The World According to Garp` page -2-into classes of Externals, Vital Organs, Absentees, and Goners certainly contains an element of the blackly humorous. † (Wilson, 1992, p. 55) In one way or another, each of the characters in â€Å"The World According to Garp† is seen to be either a victim of violence, usually chaotic violence, living in the aftermath of their experience, or as a victim (unknowingly) headed for a violent encounter, or both. The sense of violence as ubiquitous, but ultimately unpredictable and unaccountable, reinforces the cosmic or universal scope of the primal element of violence discussed previously.This primal— ineffable — power, the power of random violent tragedy is symbolized by Walt's mis-hearing of the word â€Å"undertow† which he mistakenly calls â€Å"Under Toad. † The â€Å"Under Toad† becomes a near -archetypal vision of cosmic disorder and brutality. â€Å"Walt's malapropism becomes a catchphrase that the Garp family uses to refer to imminent danger, violence, and death. The randomness and suddenness of death are brought to our attention at the very beginning of the novel when Garp's father, the ball-turret gunner, becomes a â€Å"Goner.† Although violence and death abound in Irving first novel, Setting Free the Bears, in Garp there is one disaster after another. (Campbell, 1998, p. 81) The universal presence of violence and disorder becomes associated, through its immersion into the â€Å"every day† settings and characters, with a primitive, natural force, something which impacts humanity and flows through them but issues, perhaps, from a more cosmically primitive level. One way the natural primitivism of violence is expressed in â€Å"The World According to Garp† is through the association of violence with sex.â€Å"Whatever the The Role and Function o f Violence in `The World According to Garp` page -3-connection, sex and violence are related throughout the novel, and Garp finds himself confronting them at nearly every turn. â€Å"(Campbell, 1998, p. 83) This association allows Irving to demonstrate that primal, chaotic violence exists as an intrinsic part of the universal paradigm and finds oblique, often absurd and even humorous expression through human events. In this way, violence, like death and birth, love and sex, is viewed as an endemic force of nature.As a symbol for Irving's cosmic paradigm, the wrestling room at Steering college offers a complex and complete statement, symbolically, for Irving's cosmic vision. Here, in a place created for violent confrontation, all of the major events of a life, Garp's life, emanate. â€Å"It is not only where Garp learns how to wrestle and feels at home, but also where he proposes to Helen Holm. It is, further, the space that Pooh Percy enters, in a nurse's uniform (like his mother' s), and kills Garp. † (Campbell, 1998, p.75)The wrestling room becomes a microcosm, a stage whereupon the great, often absurd, dramas of a life are enacted, but it is a place of competition, of struggle, and ultimately of death. The cycle which links sex and violence, death and birth, continues in Garp's stream of consciousness even as he lays dying, showing how individuality is subsumed under the larger, cosmic processes. Garp thinks: â€Å"Even if there is only death after death (after death), be grateful for small favors— sometimes there is birth after sex, for example.And if you are very fortunate, sometimes there is sex after birth! † (Irving, 576). Irving's use of violence in â€Å"The World According to Garp† is extensive, varied, and intense. The modes of violence in the novel range from the comic to the harrowingly tragic and often involve two or modes simultaneously. Irving's purpose in depicting violence in this way is to establish violence and chaos as an integral part of the universe inhabited by humanity, whose insular and myopic visions partake of, but are incapable of fully comprehending the universal forces which shape their lives.