Most Successful People Who Have Down Syndrome Essay

â€Å"When you judge someone based on a diagnosis, you miss out on their abilities and uniqueness† –Sevenly. People tend to jump to conclusions when they see somebody with a disorder. They tend to believe they are incapable of being an active member of society or even incompetent of simple tasks. These are common beliefs when people see people with down syndrome, which are false statements. People with down syndrome are just as capable as people without it. There are many successful people who have down syndrome. Some famous and successful people are: Lauren Potter, a known actress from the T.V series Glee, Angela Bachiller, the first elected councilwoman, Melissa Reilly, a gold medal winner for skiing, swimming and cycling, Sujeet Desai, who plays seven instruments, won numerous awards for music, had a 4.3 average throughout postsecondary school and graduated from Berkshire Hills Music Academy and Pablo Pineda, a writer, speaker, actor (with award for best actor of 2009) and has a bachelor’s degree in educational psychology. (Flanders, 2014). When somebody has a disability, it does not mean they are incapable of being successful or lack talents and qualities. The dictionary definition of down syndrome is â€Å"a genetic disorder, associated with the presence of an extra chromosomes 21, characterized by mild to severe mental impairment, weak muscle tone, shorter stature, and a flattened facial feature† (dictionary.com, 2015). In other words, it is caused when â€Å"abnormal cellShow MoreRelatedDown Syndrome: An Intellectual and Developmental Disability Essay1163 Words   |  5 Pagesone further, Down syndrome. It is one of the most common and easily identified exceptionality and based on the higher prevalence of Down syndrome about 1 in 733 births (About Down Syndrome) I believe that this may be one of the exceptionality I will have an increased chance of encountering during my teaching career. Identifying Down syndrome Down syndrome is a genetic condition which can cause intellectual and developmental disabilities. Persons affected with Down syndrome have the common willRead MoreAn Example Of A And A Neurocognitive Disorders And How They Affect Personality And Behavior Essay1470 Words   |  6 Pagespsychology, we have learned about a variety of neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive disorders and how they affect personality and behavior. In this paper I will discuss an example of both a neurodevelopmental and a neurocognitive disorder. Within each of these disorders I will provide behavioral criteria, incidence rates, causes and treatments options for each of the disorders. The first disorder I am going to discuss is the neurodevelopmental disorder, Down Syndrome. Down Syndrome has always beenRead MoreReflection Paper On Down Syndrome1382 Words   |  6 PagesI have always been fascinated by the way that the brain works. Psychology 101 exposed me to child development, state of consciousness and psychological disorders. The following semester, I took an education course focused on inclusive practices within the classroom. This course taught me a lot about the history of disability while training me to look at the world through a different perspective. Most people are not born disabled in fact they become disabled sometime in their life. Both classes sparkedRead MoreA Brief Look at Down Syndrome670 Words   |  3 Pagesbabies being born with what is known as Down Syndrome. In every cell in the human body, there is a nucleus. Typically there are twenty three chromosomes in each nucleus. Down Syndrome occurs when there is extra full or partial copy of chr omosome 21. Down Syndrome is a chromosomal condition that causes low muscle tone, small stature, and a single deep crease across the center of the palm. Although, each person with Down Syndrome is a unique individual and may have these characteristics to different degreesRead More How Individuals with Down Syndrome can Prosper in Life Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesHow Individuals with Down Syndrome can Prosper in Life Roger is a handsome blonde, blue-eyed boy but one can tell he is different from most other children.   His physical features are somewhat strange.   Rogers face is broader and his nasal bridge flatter than usual.   And his eyes, they appear to slant upward and have folds at the inner corners.   His mouth is small and the roof of his mouth is very narrow.   Not to mention his small ears which fold over a bit at the top.   Touching his hands theyRead MoreDifferent Styles Of Leadership And What They Are Leading1396 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many different styles of leadership and ways to be a good leader depending on who the leader is and what they are leading. After interviewing Kelly Von Lehmden, a family-friend, I discovered that being a good leader is about much more than having good relationships with people and being encouraging, but also putting others first, having a strong team to help you get the job done, giving credit where credit is due and having patienc e as you see the vision unfold. Kelly is the mother toRead MoreDown Syndrome : A Genetic Condition1627 Words   |  7 PagesDown syndrome is named after Dr. J.L. Down, who first discovered and studied the condition. It is part of a large number of disabilities known as intellectual disabilities. Down syndrome is present at birth and individuals are usually diagnosed during pregnancy or shortly after birth. There are three types of Down syndrome. The most common of these involves an extra number 21 chromosome, which gives the individual 47 instead of 46 total chromosomes. A chromosome breaking and then reattaching to anotherRead MoreSusan Finally Gets Pregnant With Down Syndrome Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pagesher baby has Down syndrome, and her doctors suggest she abort the fetus. Susan has a successful career and wants to maintain a healthy balance between her career and family. Yet she feels very uncomfortable with abortion. She seeks some advice from Richard, an influential professor of evolutionary biology who has spent his career seeking to further human potential and minimize human suffering. When Susan asks Richard if she should abort the fetus or give birth to a baby with Down syndrome, Richard repliedRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Abortion1036 Words   |  5 PagesBenchmark Assignment: Ethical Dilemmas One of the most controversial dilemmas occurring today is the topic of abortion. Some believe that a pregnant woman has the choice to end the life of their unborn child if the mother decides that this is what she wants, especially because the child has not been born and walked this earth yet. Others feel that if the woman chooses to have an abortion, the woman would be considered a murderer because she is ending the life of another human. There is also the grayRead MoreThe Genetic Mutation Fragile X Syndrome Essay922 Words   |  4 PagesThe genetic mutation Fragile X syndrome is the most commonly inherited form of intellectual disability. Because the disease was first studied in 1943 by British physician James Purdon Martin and British human geneticist named Julia Bell, Fragile X is also referred to as Martin-Bell syndrome. Though it was not until 1969 that scientist Herbert Lubs discovered what exactly causes Fragile X syndrome. He explained that those who obtain the mutation w ill possess an X chromosome with an unusual gap

The Aftermath Of The Civil War Essay - 940 Words

The aftermath of the Civil War shook the nation. A new way of life was beginning for the people of America. A way of life that was beautiful and free to some and absolutely devastating to the rest. The country had changed and nobody did a better job at documenting this change than the authors. The authors used this new world to explore new and unique stories as well as capturing what it was actually like living in the post-Civil War times. This paper will examine post-Civil War Literature and its importance to documenting this period in history. One of the biggest effects of the period was the abolition of slavery. This obviously didn’t change the way that some African Americans were looked upon and treated. However, it did change the way that they interacted with the white people. Before the war African Americans were property and to be only viewed as property. After the war however they adopted more of a confidence and would talk to white people as equals. Author Charles Chesnutt captures this perfectly when portraying Uncle Julius in his book Tales of Conjure and The Color Line. Uncle is a classic trickster character who was a former slave on the plantation that John was looking to purchase. Julius talks to John the way no slave would ever talk to a white man. They talk as equals rather than as master and slave. Such as when John shows interest in buying the plantation and Uncle Julius says â€Å"Well, suh, you is a stranger ter me, en I is a stranger ter you, en we is bofeShow MoreRelatedThe Aftermath Of The Civ il War Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesThe aftermath of the civil war came a drastic change to the United States, or so some thought. Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. In this document, Lincoln outlawed slavery throughout the entire nation. African Americans not only believed that after the Emancipation Proclamation they would obtain civil rights, but also they expected to have the basic liberties as their fellow Americans. Subsequently, this was not the case. Caucasians, specifically in the south, still viewedRead MoreThe Aftermath Of The Civil War1578 Words   |  7 PagesIn the aftermath of the Civil War, there was a growth in the Social Darwinian ideas about man and society and a better understanding of the different conceptions of equality. The writers during this period strongly emphasized equality of opportunity, as opposed to equality of outcome. They held that equality should be regarded in functional terms and equality in voting, equality befo re law and equality of economic opportunity became their chief concerns. William G. Sumner, a staunch defender of theRead MoreEssay about The Revolutionary Aftermath of the Civil War605 Words   |  3 PagesThe Revolutionary Aftermath of the Civil War Despite many hardships that remained from the antebellum state of the union, reconstruction was a socially and constitutionally revolutionary period. The attempts to deter black voters were greatly outweighed by the numbers of blacks voting, as well as the laws that were passed to protect the rights of American citizens, black and white alike. The years after the war saw a rise in the number of human rights laws that were passed, most ofRead MoreThe North s Technological Advances939 Words   |  4 PagesBearden May 26, 2017 Ethan D. Walton Mrs. Bearden 8th Grade History 15 May 2017 The North’s Technological Advances The Civil War was a time of one country divided among itself because of the freedoms of slaves. When Abe Lincoln was first elected that was the South’s turning point but the attack on Fort Wagner was the beginning battle to a war between States. One result of the Civil War was that Congress put into action the 13th amendment, banning slavery. The North were fighting for the freedom of slavesRead MoreLincoln s Impact On The Civil War1542 Words   |  7 Pagesand worked hard in law, and as a president to keep our nation in one during the Civil War. He had the mindset to get where he needed to go. He lived a long and resentful life full of problems that he fixed. Lincoln’s early life, Lincoln enters presidency, Lincoln’s impact on the Civil War as a president, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln’s Gettysburg address. Lincoln’s impact of slaves after the Civil War during Reconstruction, Lincoln’s death. Lincoln, the president tha t held our nationRead MoreLincoln s Impact On The Civil War1564 Words   |  7 PagesLincoln Research Paper During the Civil War, was Abraham Lincoln the cause or the cure? Abraham Lincoln, the man that hit right path toward life while earning respect. He worked hard most of his life and at law, and as a president to keep our nation in one during the Civil War. He had the mindset to get where he needed to go. He lived a long and resentful life full of problems that he fixed. Lincoln’s early life, Lincoln enters presidency, Lincoln’s impact on the Civil War as a president, Lincoln’s EmancipationRead MoreBomb ( Fallout ) Shelters855 Words   |  4 PagesEisenhower’s presidency which was also the peak of the Cold War, The Soviet Union’s development and testing of WMD’s (Atomic, Nuclear and H-Bomb) raised fears of war around the world. The Soviet Union started to expand their idea of communism to democratic nations in Europe, this raised tensions with the U.S. which heighten fear and anxiety of the American public of an imminent nuclear/Atom/H-Bomb w ar between the super powers. The Federal Civil Defense Administration created by President Harry TrumanRead MoreThe Reconstruction: A Documentary History of the South after the War by James P. Shenton860 Words   |  4 PagesShenton, James P. The Reconstruction: A Documentary History of the South after the War: 1865 1877. New York: Capricorn, 1963. Print. Book Review I read the book The Reconstruction: A Documentary History of the South after the War: 1865-1877 by James P. Shenton. James P. Shenton arrived at the University of Columbia at the age of 21 as a college freshman on the G.I. Bill. He finished his B.A. in three years and continued to finish his M.A. in 1950. In 1954 he finished his Ph. D all his accomplishmentsRead MoreThe Kansas Nebraska Act Was A Plan Drafted By Stephen A. Douglas1472 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Both parties deprecated war; but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive; and the other would accept war rather than let it perish. And the war came,† (Abraham Lincoln). The American Civil War was caused by the enmity and growing friction between the Northerners and the Southerners, mostly over slavery. The enmity and friction reached to such a level that the Southerners left the Union. The Northerners had to accept the Civil War because without the war, the South would be goneRead MoreThe Civil W ar Was Inevitable1399 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Civil War took place from April 12, 1861 to May 9, 1865. The simple answer is yes: the Civil War was completely inevitable, but there were many events, documents and people before its beginning that certainly had a large bearing on the war itself. The most divisive political issue in the United States in the mid-1800s was the expansion of slavery, and slavery is certainly the common denominator of the events leading up to the Civil War. People from the North were abolitionists, looking

Jeffersonian Republicans Essay Example For Students

Jeffersonian Republicans Essay (1) Some English observers may have viewed Jeffersonian Republicans as hypocritical for several reasons. Jefferson ran for the presidency in order to achieve specific goals such as, the reduction of the size and cost of the federal government, the repeal of Federalist legislation, and to maintain international peace. Jefferson was successful for some time in reducing the size and cost of the federal government. He closed several American embassies in Europe. He cut military spending by reducing the size of the U.S. Army by 50 percent and retiring a majority of the navys warships. However, despite all these cut expenses, Jefferson found it suitable to accommodate the Louisiana Purchase. As the United States increased its land territory westward, the Jeffersonian democracy continued and sought to remove Native Americans from the path of the white mans progress. Indians were often murdered even though Jeffersonians disclaimed any intention to destroy Indians. Jefferson later increased f ederal power to enforce the Embargo Act of 1807. His recommendation for an embargo of American goods failed to win foreign respect for American neutrality during the French Revolution. Jefferson nearly led the country to the brink of war. The Embargo policy succeeded only in depressing the economy and angering northern merchants and was later repealed in 1809. Jefferson also signed another bill in 1807 for a law that prohibited the importation of slaves into the United States. Poor enforcement by America resulted in illegal operations of slave smugglers. Southerners did not cooperate, and for many years African slaves continued to poor into southern ports. It is easy to conclude that the members of Jeffersonian democracy declared their passion for liberty and equality, but in practice, they lived in a society whose members accepted slavery and sought to remove Native Americans out of the white mans path. While some Americans praised Jeffersons pragmatism, others felt betrayed. (2) It is clear that progress had been achieved between 1741 and 1791 regarding the murder of slaves. From the reading, we can see that slaves were recognized as somewhat equal to a free white man. It is stated a man should receive the same punishment for murdering a slave as he would for murder of a free white man. However, the nature of punishment for the murder in State v. Boon cannot be decided. The Law of 1791 was insufficient because the question remained What is the proper punishment for the murder of a slave? Some believed slaves had no rights and our constitution was not made for them while others saw them as equal men and women. (3) From the earliest days of independence, a tension between mechanization and handcraft marked the American quest for technological advance. Some Americans, however, expressed grave misgivings about the new technology. As inventions such as the spinning jenny and the cotton gin promised to save time and labor some Americans refused to accept the n ew methods of production. Tradition and disbelief was the reason for such behavior. Many people insisted to practice methods they were taught by their parents and were afraid to modernize their lifestyle. Today we see the same thing everyday. This computer Im writing on, for example. Who wouldve ever thought a machine would allow us to type by the push of a button and then print in seconds. When computers and the internet were first being introduced many people didnt know what to think. Some people were eager to purchase one and explore the possibilities while others may have failed to believe such technology was possible. We still dont even know where computers will take us. Today theyre used in cars, space exploration, TV, and music production. And today like the 1700s, we will continue to be faced with new forms of technology everyday and some people will adapt and grow with it while others stick to the traditional methods they were taught by previous generations. .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c , .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c .postImageUrl , .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c , .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c:hover , .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c:visited , .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c:active { border:0!important; } .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c:active , .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub9aa137de053587690d2607344e35a8c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Free Media Violence: Violence in Primetime M Essay(4) Chief Justice John Marshall did not want to jeopardize the independence of the Supreme Court over the minor issue of Marbury v. Madison. In his decision of February 1803, Marshall scolded the secretary of state for withholding Marburys commission. Marshall stated it clearly that the Supreme Court did not have the jurisdiction to handle such

The Bahai Lotus Temple in New Delhi

Because of its mysterious nature, so alien to the Europeans, the Indian philosophy encourages the Indians create the things which the rest of the world can only stand in owe to, feeling completely breathless and excited to the core.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Bahai Lotus Temple in New Delhi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With their specific concept of beauty, the Indians offer the aesthetics filled with the religious and philosophic ideas of theirs, which seems so attractive both to the local people and to the tourists who flood the country every year. The Lotus Temple which has been recently built in the heart of India is a perfect specimen of such fusion of philosophy and aesthetics. Back to Plotinus’ Idea of Beauty Since the ancient civilizations were the first to introduce the idea of beauty to the world, with their own standards and their demands to what is supposed to be beautiful, it will be reasonable to start with their philosophy, as ancient and as profound as the one of the Indians. Grounding their ideal of perfection mainly on the shapes, Plotinus argued that beauty must be breathing with certain idea, otherwise only an empty shell of what is supposed to be an artwork will remain. Interweaving aesthetics with philosophy, he filled artworks with sense which allowed artists to make their masterpieces even more meaningful for the mankind. In his philosophical search for the nature of beauty, Plotinus makes clear distinction between the beauty itself and the nature of beauty, emphasizing that the true nature of beauty is beauty itself (Stamatellos 165). According to Plotinus, comparing objects to each other, people â€Å"give relative accounts of beauty and not beauty itself† (Stamatellos 165). Thus, manifesting beauty as the Divine itself, the nature in its true and only form, Plotinus suggested three levels of reality which beauty is supposed to link into the Universe. Creating a structure of the cosmos, Plotinus breathes the specific idea into beauty, making it universal and stretching far beyond the boundaries of human imagination. With help of the four-level structure of the universe which Plotinus suggested, the nature of the beautiful became evident: the source of all that makes people gasp in awe is the Divine.Advertising Looking for essay on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reminding of the famous Yggdrasil, the tree which linked the Hades, the earth and the Heavens, Plotinus’ system descends from the highest level of communicating the nature of beauty to the lowest one. Starting from the level of the Divine, which makes the core of beauty in Plotinus’ understanding, the philosopher passes the level of immaterial (level 2), the point at which a human being can approach God and feel the divine touch on his/her soul; concerning the intellectual s phere of people’s lives, the point at which the line between a human and an animal is drawn, it is the very bridge between a man and God, according to Plotinus: †This beauty is not external, but internal: the inward beauty of the Soul beyond any color, shape, or size† (Stamatellos 87). In the next level the ideas of the immaterial and the material are combined to create the human being. Uniting body and soul, this sphere makes the basis of human’s existence. Here the beauty principles of the Ancient Greeks are implied, with their concept of the perfection of body and soul. The final fourth level is the beauty of the nature, bare and uncivilized as it is, with the air of the primordial chaos and wildness. According to the idea of Plotinus, if united, these four levels o beauty will lead to creation of the real masterpiece and to the Divine in it prime form. Passing from one level to the other, the artist will finally see the light of the truth which will ins pire him/her with the urge to create and will finally lead to creating a real masterpiece. In addition, this work will comprise the universal truth and the essence of a human being, which will make it truly cosmic, all-embracing and breathing with the wisdom of the Eternal. The Concept of the Beautiful That Never Ages Because of the philosophy which was the foundation of the Lotus Temple, it can be considered a specimen of Plotinus theory of beauty embodied into life. Representing not merely a perfectly built construction, but also a building which breathes with the ideas of the ancient philosopher, this is much more than a construction of metal and concrete. What stands behind the perfect shape is the ancient concept of the beautiful in its original form. The four levels of beauty can be easily traced in it. The highest one, conveying the idea of the Divine in its true form, is reflected in the lotus blossom which the construction is shaped in. As the Mahabharata says,Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Bahai Lotus Temple in New Delhi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lord Brahma (the creator god) grew from the lotus flower which was growing out of the navel of the protector god, Lord Vishnu. Avalokitesvara, one of the most popular Buddhist beings, is always pictured holding a lotus blossom. (India 73) Talking about the way in which the creator of the Lotus Temple represented the second level described by Plotinus, it must be mentioned that the philosophy of the intellectual is also concealed in the original shape of the building. Making people think of the amazing heritage which the Buddhist philosophy leaves to its adepts, it becomes clear that the building embodies the very principles of Buddhism. Reminding of the famous postulates of Buddha and giving a lot of food for thoughts, this building creates the impression of the treasure trove of the Indian philosophy. The third level, the r ealm of body and soul, can also be seen clearly in the shape of the building. Since lotus is the flower which symbolizes the triumph and honor, it can be a hint on human’s immortal soul and the reminiscences of glory which stay even when a person dies. Whether it was the peculiar design or the interference of the Divine, the Temple became the place where faith is focused, which makes it reach the level of communicating the principles of spiritual importance: Like every other Baha’i house of worship, the Lotus Temple is open to anyone for religious worship. Baha’i law states that a house of worship is for people of any faith to come and praise God. (India 73) The last, but not the least, the fourth level of beauty which refers to the Material is also reflected in the Temple, namely, in the lotus as the symbol of wealth and earthy prosperity (India 73). Comprising the artifacts of the ancient times and the objects which symbolize the Ancient India and its mysterio us religion, the Temple represents the final, fourth stage of beauty which concerns the material world. Thus, it is quite peculiar that the shape of the building could embrace the entire four levels of beauty in Plotinus’ viewpoint. Embracing the entire four levels, the flower which symbolizes India creates the basis of the spiritual value of the construction and breathes life into the ancient legends, making both the tourists and the locals imbued with the meaning of Buddhism and the postulates of Buddha, the Enlightened.Advertising Looking for essay on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it can be argued whether the Temple can represent the beauty in Plotinus’ understanding at all, being made entirely by people, with no divine force intruding into the process of constructing. Yet the spiritual ideas which lie in the basis of the Temple and the faith which the place is breathing with, its cosmopolitan ideas allowing the people of any religion entering its walls (India 73), crash this supposition in its bud. The Temple represents all the four levels of Plotinus’ concept of beauty, there is no doubt about that. Works Cited India. Japan: R.I.C. Publications, 2010. Print. Stamatellos, Giannis. Plotinus and the Presocratics: A Philosophical Study of  Presocratic Influences in Plotinus’ Enneads. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2007. Print. This essay on The Bahai Lotus Temple in New Delhi was written and submitted by user Elliot Wooten to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Edward Scissorhands Essay Example

Edward Scissorhands Essay Example Edward Scissorhands Essay Edward Scissorhands Essay The following results have been obtained from primary research, questionnaires, interviews and observation. The results have been based on the culture, generations and the four different parenting styles. Filipino Culture: |Parenting Style |Number of Participants | |Authoritarian Parenting |10 | |Authoritative Parenting |9 | |Permissive Parenting |1 | |Uninvolved Parenting |0 | [pic] According to this graph, it shows the most common parenting styles in the Philippines are Authoritarian and Authoritative, where Authoritative have been overtaken by the Authoritarian Parenting by just one participant difference. This graph shows that some Filipino parents have also undertaken the role of Permissive Parenting, however, proves that it isnâ„ ¢t as commonly used as the other parenting styles. |Parenting Style |Number of Participants | |Authoritarian Parenting |12 | |Authoritative Parenting |7 | |Permissive Parenting |1 | |Uninvolved Parenting |0 | Indian Culture: [pic] According to this graph, it shows the most common parenting style in India is the Authoritarian. The Authoritarian Parenting style leads with 5 participantsâ„ ¢ difference with the Authoritative. Unlike the results in the Filipino culture, this clearly shows the majorityâ„ ¢s choice of parenting style â€Å" Authoritarian. However, it also relates to the Filipino culture for the Indian culture also shows some use of the Permissive Parenting style though isnâ„ ¢t commonly used. Australian Culture: |Parenting Style |Number of Participants | |Authoritarian Parenting |2 | |Authoritative Parenting |15 | |Permissive Parenting |2 | |Uninvolved Parenting |1 | [pic] According to this graph, it shows that the most common parenting style in Australia is Authoritative Parenting. In comparison with the other graphs, the results are clearly revealed through the 13 participantsâ„ ¢ difference between the Authoritative and the Authoritarian Parenting. Another difference between the results from Australia and the other cultures is that the Australian culture also takes on the roles of Permissive Parenting and Uninvolved Parenting despite the fact that it isnâ„ ¢t as commonly used. These following graphs and results are categorised as the parenting styles, comparing the three cultures as well as the different generations to show the similarities and differences between them. Authoritarian Parenting: [pic] According to this graph, it shows the use of the Authoritarian Parenting throughout the different generations. It clearly shows that from the Baby Boomers generation this parenting style have been decreasing in numbers all the way through to the Generation Z. In relation to the cultures however, surprising results came out as the Australian culture only used this parenting style during Generation Z and Generation Y. As for the Filipino culture, it shows that they have decreased from the Baby Boomers up to Generation Z. As for the Indian culture, in comparison to the Filipino culture, have also decreased in numbers however, the Indian culture have been recorded as the culture which have undertaken the role of Authoritarian Parenting style as most common during Generation X and the Baby Boomers Generation. Authoritative Parenting: [pic] According to this graph, it shows that the Authoritative Parenting style is more used with Generation Z and slowly decreases all the way through to the Baby Boomers Generation. Therefore, this shows that in the past, the Authoritative Parenting style wasnâ„ ¢t as common as it is today. In relation to the cultures, the Filipino culture has used this parenting style more on Generation Z and Y as compared to Generation X and the Baby Boomers. In the Indian culture, from Generation Z to Generation X, the numbers have stayed steady where it then decreases by 1 at the Baby Boomers Generation. The Australian culture however, dominates the Generation Z, Generation Y and Baby Boomers, with using the Authoritative Parenting style as the most common. Surprisingly, research has revealed that during the Generation X, Australian culture showed no usage of the Authoritative Parenting Style. Permissive Parenting: [pic] According to this graph, the use of Permissive Parenting Style isnâ„ ¢t as common as the Authoritative and the Authoritarian. These results donâ„ ¢t really show any patterns. In the Indian culture, there were two participants which have been recorded as Permissive both from the Generation Z. As for the Filipino culture, it was only recorded from the Generation Y where only 1 was noted. However, in the Australian culture, it showed that both in Generation Y and the Baby Boomers, they both used this parenting style as evident with the 2 participants from each generation. Uninvolved Parenting: [pic] According to this graph, it shows proves the uncommonness of the parenting style â€Å" Uninvolved Parenting. With the only record noted, was from the Generation Y from the Australian culture. The remaining Generations and cultures all received a zero for the undertaking of the Uninvolved Parenting role. As a result, these graphs have shown the different parenting styles in which the cultures â€Å" Filipinos, Indians and Australians have undertaken. It also shows the variation and change in trends between the different generations â€Å" Generation Z, Generation Y, Generation X and the Baby Boomers. As for the secondary research results, the following statistics have been obtained based on the parenting styles.

Progeny and Other Offspring

Progeny and Other Offspring Progeny and Other Offspring Progeny and Other Offspring By Maeve Maddox A reader asks for clarification: Please tell me under which situation I use the word progeny and where to use  offspring, with examples. English is blessed with numerous words to refer to the product of sexual union; progeny and offspring are only two of them. The gen in progeny, like the gen in genital, goes back to a Latin word for beget. Progeny, therefore, is a good all-purpose word to describe people, plants, and animals that are the product of sexual reproduction. Offspring is not so literal a word as progeny; it combines the verb spring with the adverb off. Offspring are what â€Å"jump off† from the parent. It has a friendlier, less formal connotation than progeny. Compare, for example, Mr. and Mrs. Gilbreth brought up their progeny according to strict ideas of efficiency. Mr. and Mrs. Gilbreth treated their offspring to a day at the beach. Here’s a list of synonyms that are or have been used with the meaning of progeny: babies brood children descendants family fruit of one’s loins fruit of one’s womb heirs issue offspring posterity progeny scions seed sons and daughters successors spawn young Like all synonyms, these words have different connotations. We speak of babies, children, family, and sons and daughters when we are talking about people in general. In matters of law, the words heirs and issue are used with specific legal meaning. A man’s children are called issue, usually in the sense of children who have a legal right to inherit. An heir is the person entitled by law to succeed another â€Å"in the enjoyment of property or rank.† Prince Charles is referred to as â€Å"heir to the British throne,† but according to the OED, legally speaking, he won’t be the heir until his mother dies: nemo est heres viventis, â€Å"nobody is a living heir.† Genealogists talk in terms of descendants. Historians speak of posterity, the people who come after those living in the present: For it has been wisely said that if the judgment of the time must be corrected by that of posterity, it is no less true that the judgment of posterity must be corrected by that of the time.† Felix Frankfurter The horticultural term scion is often used in speaking of the descendants of noble or wealthy families: Originally built by Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt, a scion of the wealthy Vanderbilt family, the 1909 property [the Vanderbilt Grace hotel] is a vintage Newport mansion that has been restored to its former glory In gardening terms, a scion is a slip taken from a tree or other plant and used for grafting. Another gardening word, seed, is also used to mean progeny: Now to Abraham and his seed were the promises made. –Galatians 3:16. The expression â€Å"fruit of loins/womb† is familiar from the KJ translation of the Bible, as in the greeting of Mary’s cousin Elisabeth: And she [Elisabeth] spake out with a loud voice, and said, Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb. Luke 1:42. The word brood for children has a warm, motherly connotation. Its figurative use derives from the way a hen sits on her eggs to keep them warm. Indeed, brood is cognate with Middle High German bruot, ‘heat, warmth, hatching, that which is hatched.† The only word in the list that has an out-and-out negative connotation is spawn. Literally the eggs of aquatic creatures, spawn is used figuratively as both noun and verb to suggest that the progeny spoken of is undesirable. Because spawn is frequently used to refer to demons, as in â€Å"hell-spawn† and â€Å"spawn of the devil,† the word has become popular in the world of comics and novels about the forces of good and evil. As a noun, spawn can refer to any type of progeny that may be seen as potentially as bad as the parent. As a verb, spawn is often used to mean â€Å"to create something bad†: Joblessness, poverty, crime spawn violence Delinquent Parents Spawn Teenage Criminals Suburban hazing scandals spawn new criminal offense Computers Spawn A New Criminal Breed Some journalists use negative spawn where a word like initiate or even beget would be more appropriate: Dedicated Leaders Spawn Island Cooperative Scholar’s research spawns international remembrance effort The surest way to develop an ear for connotation is to read widely from the English literary canon, a practice that is becoming less frequent among the nominally educated. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly Words5 Brainstorming Strategies for WritersThe Difference Between "Un-" and "Dis-"

Land Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Land Management - Case Study Example There was really nothing to judge. It was all about whether or not the mine met certain criteria according to previous patterns of practice. The suit will go back to the BLM adjudicative branch. If the adjudicative branch is unable to rectify the situation, the case could be taken to a higher court. Nevertheless, Evaporation, Inc. must exhaust all of its administrative remedies before proceeding. That is usually the case with any administrative conflict. The party in question is required to exhaust all of its administrative remedies before seeking legal action. It is usually just a rubber stamp. Here, we explored two pressing questions about the circumstances as presented in the brief. This case of Evaporation, Inc. versus the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) reveals some of the intricacies of land management administrative practice. The importance of this case in the field of land development cannot be overlooked.

Screen Memories Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Screen Memories - Term Paper Example Screen memories are behind some of the out of the world experiences that people, for instance who claim to have been abducted by aliens, seem to experience. These people tend to recall things such as clowns, circuses, images of cats dogs or other animals and other pleasant images and feelings. Screened memories are also interpreted as the manifestation of a fear or feeling of trepidation that a person might be feeling towards something or a particular circumstance or situation (Sigmund 2-100). These feelings or emotions might be brought together in the brain and projected as an image towards which a person has those feelings towards. For instance, a person who is very scared of cheetahs or eagles might have the feelings projected as the images of these particular animals. Screen memories have helped many psychoanalysts help their patients understand some of their behaviors, dreams, nightmares or other mental disorders and conditions. By talking to patients and sometimes putting them under hypnosis, psychoanalysts have helped to unravel many mysteries about people whose perception of who they are seem to be out of the norm from the rest of society. As discussed earlier, screen memories are used to project someone’s feelings but in a particular image depending on what the person feels towards the particular thing in the image. Screen memories have been useful in helping patients who were traumatized at early ages, but whose behaviors or state of minds are affected, though the cause has not always been clear. The human brain is so great that it tends to take measures to protect people who have been traumatized from deteriorating and useless lives. However, this usually occurs through blocking of the traumatic experiences and replacing them with more tolerant images. However, the truth always comes out if the screened images are psychoanalyzed further. This method has helped people with deviant behaviors or disorders such as memory

Criticism of Quitak’s Child observation Essay Example for Free

Criticism of Quitak’s Child observation Essay Quitak first explains that she is â€Å"working on the assumption that the problematic aspects of our experience contain the maximum potential†. However I think it is important to clarify from the outset, how she reached this assumption, as the reader does not know whether she went into the observation with this belief or whether these assumptions were developed as a result of her observation. There is another important omission relating to who the author actually is. She hasn’t positively stated that she is a Social Work student, although this is implied when she states that her observations had â€Å"implications for social work. † Therefore it is difficult to ascertain her purpose for carrying out the observations. Furthermore Quitak fails to mention how she came to select the child included in her observations, how many observation sessions took place and the length of the sessions. Therefore the reader is unable to assess whether there were any issues of bias involved in her selection process. The fact that she is the product of English middle class parents means she may be going into the study with particular assumptions, as she is observing a child who has a Palestinian parent. A significant area which was lacking in her observations was her inability to â€Å"tune in to Selena’s inner world† (pg 250), although Quitak does acknowledge this omission. She didn’t really try to question and understand Selena’s behaviour or how she might be feeling when she demonstrated behaviour she didn’t like, which meant her observation suffered as a result. King (2010) stresses the importance of â€Å"to access the child’s emotional world†.

Eveline, Dubliners and James Joyce :: Joyce Dubliners Essays

Eveline, Dubliners and James Joyce    "Eveline" is the story of a young teenager facing a dilemma where she has to choose between living with her father or escaping with Frank, a sailor which she has been courting for some time. The story is one of fifteen stories written by James Joyce in a collection called "Dubliners". These stories follow a certain pattern that Joyce uses to express his ideas: "Joyce's focus in Dubliners is almost exclusively on the middle-class Catholics known to himself and his family"(the Gale Group). Joyce's early life, family background, and his catholic background appear in the way he writes these stories. "Where Joyce usually relates his stories to events in his life, there are some stories which are actually events that took place in his life" (Joyce, Stanislaus). James Joyce in his letter to Grant Richard writes:    My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the center of paralysis. I tried to present it to the indifferent public under four of these aspects: childhood, adolescence, maturity and public life. The stories are arranged in this order. (5 May 1906; Selected letters). (Ingersoll)    In the story, Eveline's family is described poor, and they probably don't live a very comfortable life. The dust and Eveline's struggle for money mentioned in the story all go to explain the misery in their life: "Besides, the invariable squabble for money on Saturday nights had begun to weary her unspeakably"(Joyce5). This misery also appears in other stories by Joyce like 'The Sisters' and 'Araby'. Joyce could have related his childhood days when his family was in some financial crises to the family background of Eveline in the story: "but the [Joyce's] family fortunes took a sharp turn for the worse during Joyce's childhood" (Gale Group). From the story, we are told that it is from this misery, and her father's attitude that Eveline decides she would leave home, although, she does not leave at the end of the story. Joyce could have been writing about the urge the had to leave Dublin during his youth because he: "[cites] the city of Dublin as the center of paralysis" (t he Gale Group).

August and December

The time allocated for teaching and learning is a factor influencing pupils' academic performance. There are three school terms every year with holidays in between in the months of April, August and December.Research has shown that majority of schools start learning after the first week of the school term. This indicates that there is a lot of time wastage before learning begins. Besides,most schools loose many teaching/ learning hours at the beginning of the term. This wastage leads to less work being covered and syllabus not being completed on time hence contributing to poor performance in KCPE examinations. b. Adequacy of Learning Resources: The adequacy and use of teaching and learning materials affects the effectiveness of a teacher's lesson.Teaching and learning esources enhances understanding of abstract ideas and improves performance. Adequate learning resources like text books,improvised weather instruments,relevant child friendly library books, wall maps and the exercise bo oks are of paramount importance. This makes learning easier of subjects like Social Studies very abstract to the pupils. Further still,it has been proven that school facilities have a direct effect on teaching and learning. Text books enable the pupils to follow the teacher's sequence of presentation and aids in understanding of lessons. . School Administration :The quality of school administration plays a vital role in academic performance as it is concerned with pupils, teachers, rules, regulations and policies that govern the school system. In analyzing the efficiency of school administration, the following aspects ought to be considered: Frequency of staff meetings Frequency of checking teachers' schemes of work and lesson plans Adequacy of teachers' prior preparation Frequency of class observation by the head teacher. Few staff meetings may lead to less co-ordination of curriculum implementation.This an lead to less monitoring and reporting of the progress of the schools activi ties to the teachers . Frequency of Checking Teachers' Schemes of work: The responsibility of checking the professional documents like teachers' schemes of work and lesson plans lies in the hands of the head teacher. This may be done in person or he may delegate to the deputy head teacher or the senior teacher. Preparation and use of schemes of work by the teachers enhances sequential teaching and results to improved achievement.Checking of teachers schemes of work should be done frequently to allow the head teacher monitor curriculum implementation. Frequency ot Checking the Teachers' Lessons Plans :Teacners' lesson plan is a protessional document prepared by teachers for the purpose of presentation of a lesson. The teacher indicates whether the lesson has been taught and objectives achieved; if the lesson is not taught, then the teacher indicates the reason why and when he intends to cover it; if the lesson objectives are not achieved, the teacher plans for remedial lesson in orde r to make the concept understood by the pupils.Head teachers should monitor lesson plan preparation frequently; otherwise it may lead to poor erformance. Adequacy of Teachers' Prior Preparation: Adequate prior preparation before a teacher goes to class leads to good performance by the pupils. This promotes sequential presentation of concepts by the teacher to the learners. Always, prior preparation by the teachers leads to systematic delivery of concepts to pupils and enhances performance. Observation of Classes by Head teachers: One of the roles of the head teacher is to carry out internal supervision of curriculum implementation in his/her school.This involves physical observation of teachers' lessons in progress. One of the head teachers' roles is regular class supervision in order to promote curriculum goals. Failure to do so may lead to poor performance. 2. Teacher-Based Factors These are the factors within the teachers that could hinder or promote academic performance of pupil s in their schools. The following are some of the aspects of teacher based factors: Teachers' commitment Teachers' frequency of absenteeism Teachers' motivation Teachers' work load.Teachers' Commitment Level: Good performance is as a result of high commitment levels by the teachers. Studies shows that teachers who lack enthusiasm are unable o teach effectively, making pupils not to learn well. Frequency of Absenteeism among Teachers: When teachers absent themselves from school frequently, pupils go unattended and do not do well in examinations. Absenteeism by teachers reduces the amount of instructional time and this result in the syllabus not being completed. This in return results to lower output of work by the pupils.Teachers' Motivation:A World Bank Report (1986) acknowledges that teacher satisfaction is generally related to achievement as satisfied teachers would concentrate hence enhancing academic performance of their pupils. Teacher Turn-over Rate:lf the teacher turn-over ra te is high then it can contribute to poor performance in examinations. According to Schneider (2003) high teacher turn over forces schools to devote attention, time and financial resources attracting replacement of teachers. Teachers' Workload: This is the number of lessons teachers take per week.If teachers are not overloaded their output in terms performance should be good. 3. PUPlLS BASED FACTORS These are the factors within the pupils that could enhance or hinder their academic performance. The following are some aspects under pupil-based factors: 1. Pupils' language use 2. Pupils' rate of absenteeism 3. Pupils' lateness to school. Pupils' Language Use: Pupils who interact using English language tend to understand it better and do well in examinations as all examinations apart from Swahili are written in English language.It is equally true that leaner who also interact well using Swahili language will pass the Swahili exam. Therefore,both languages must be encouraged in equal me asure by the teachers,parents and the larger community. Pupils' Frequency of Absenteeism: These is the aspect of how frequent pupils absent themselves from school. When pupils absent themselves from school, they tend to lose many concepts and definitely may not do well in exams. The effect of absenteeism and irregular school attendance is that materials taught are difficult to understand when studied on one's own.Continued loss of classes results to loss of content and knowledge. Class assignments,exercises,homework and holiday homework would not be properly and correctly done leading to poor performance. 4. Community-Based Factors Community based factors are factors within the community that impede or enhance pupils' academic performance. In analyzing the community based factors, the following aspects can be looked into: a) Parents' Consultation with Teachers:Good performance is realized when parents work in consultation with the teachers in order to understand their children bette r.Studies shows that most often parents do not consult teachers and that most parents were not so much concerned about education of the children. Bogus (2004) indicated that parents' interaction with teachers enables them to know what their children are encountering in school and what could be done to deal with the problems. It would also put pupils on alert and tudy in school as they would know that their parents would inquire about their performance.

Impact Of Offshore Exploration And Exploitation Environmental Sciences Essay

Literally called stone oil, Petroleum is a Grecian word for petra significance stone and oleum significance oil. The Concise Oxford English Dictionary defines it as of course happening flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of different molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, which are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth ‘s surface. This formation beneath the Earth frequently takes topographic point over a long period of clip, say eons. It originates from the remains of antediluvian workss and animate beings ( zooplanktons and algae ) that were buried and compressed beneath 1000s of pess of claies, stones and littorals. Through the interaction of certain geologic conditions, these organic stuffs are so transformed by subsurface heat and overburden force per unit area into hydrocarbon compounds we is called crude oil ( rough oil and natural gas ) . For many centuries, crude oil resources and its byproducts have been discovered and used for assorted human activities. In the modern epoch, these resources are sought and exploited from locations that are more hard and risky to entree, including the offshore. Resources deposited in the offshore countries are no different from those found onshore as they contain the same sort of hydrocarbon substances. For illustration, a signifier of natural gas called gas hydrate is available both offshore and onshore but seaward resources are of greater involvement because of their volume and potency for future large-scale development. The ground for this increased and outstanding involvement in offshore crude oil geographic expedition and development in this present century is that many onshore crude oil resources have either been exhausted, are no longer economically executable, or are unable to be to the full developed due to limitations of national ownership or geopolitical jobs. This notwithstanding, the value of energy-rich crude oil in all of its signifiers lies in the many merchandises that can be made from it and the importance of their utilizations. Crude oil, natural gas and other hydrocarbon compounds are the bases of the fuel merchandises that are indispensable for modern manners of transit, which are preponderantly fuelled by motor gasolene, jet fuel, and Diesel fuel. Petroleum besides provides fuels for warming, industrial fabrication procedures, and the coevals of electricity. Petroleum resources can besides be converted into petrochemicals and its derived functions such as plastics, pharmaceutical ingredients and edifice stuffs, which represent other parts of the petroleum-source market. Economically, demand and supply factors drive the investings and operations that the crude oil industry makes in researching and working crude oil resources. With high crude oil monetary values in the market, the industry can afford to bring forth resources that might otherwise be uneconomic and can put in new engineerings to make resources that would otherwise be unavailable. When crude oil monetary values in the market are low, even proved militias may non be produced because the cost of development and production would non let any net income for operators. Since crude oil resources define modern trade forms, excite both international selling and the possible for war, the force per unit area to spread out resource development to the offshore countries is inevitable as this will relieve the jobs of increased planetary demand for crude oil and its byproducts, reduced supplies onshore and buffer the current lifting addition in merchandises monetary values.POTENTIAL IMPACTSFor decennaries, our oceans were protected from offshore oil boring but with the increased demand for crude oil resources globally and depletion of same onshore, attending has shifted to the offshore environment. In 2008 for case, former American president Bush, lifted a White House moratorium on offshore boring and the Congress subsequently followed by leting a Federal prohibition on boring to run out. In March 2010, the Obama disposal indicated that they would besides potentially allow boring along several once protected coastlines, mid- and south Atlantic seashore and in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Barely had that been agreed upon, the black deepwater skyline oil boring runaway in April of 2010 came. This released about 200 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico ; fouled beaches and coastal wetlands from Louisiana to Florida ; killed birds, fishes and marine mammals ; and devastated the diversion and fishing-based economic systems of the Gulf provinces ( Ref ) . Fortunately, these hideous developments caused the Obama disposal to revoke on its earlier class and on December 1, 2012 it was announced that the East and West seashores every bit good as the eastern Gulf be continuously protected from offshore boring. Despite this recent event in the Gulf of Mexico, the oil industry and others affiliated to the industry are still clamoring for the continuance of seaward oil boring. This enlargement of development offshore, will non be without the attendant effects that the resource geographic expedition and development will hold on the Marine environment, the life signifiers that live therein and the worlds at big.BackgroundThis subheading will be a elaborate penetration into the seaward oilfield platform where the research will be carried out. It will state the twelvemonth of the oilfield ‘s find, the block or blocks where the resource is found, the existent location of the oilfield in kilometers north, E, West or South in relation to other environing oilfields and/or countries ; and the H2O deepness ( TVDSS ) at which the resource is located. Other parametric quantities will include the oilfield ‘s geologic age ( Mesozoic, Middle Jurassic or Cenozoic etc ) , the reservoir type ( sandstone or shale ) , the estimated militias ( STOIIP in MMstb unit ) and recoverable sums of militias. It will depict the seismal activity that led to the formation of t he field, the extent to which the field has been developed, grade of complexness of geological fault and its attendant construction. The quality of the reservoir, the formations with the most productive intervals or dramas, its temperature, force per unit area ( and likely force per unit area at which depletion is expected ) . The belongingss of the reserve- API gravitation in ( 0 ) , GOR in ( scf/bbl ) will besides be provided. With the increased force per unit area to beginning for options to onshore oil resources offshore, the appraisal of the inauspicious impacts of the quest for crude oil and it derivatives to run into planetary demand raises a batch of concerns such as: Environmental sensitiveness and hazards to marine ecosystems Lack of scientific discipline on marine ecosystem as this is a field with really limited certification sing geographic expedition Built-in hazard of deepwater boring Inadequate resources for regulative inadvertence Unproved oil spill response There are serious environmental impact associated with each phase of seaward boring from geographic expedition ( location and find ) to development ( boring and production ) and marine transit. While some impacts may be unseeable to the bare eyes, there are a myriad of impacts and environmental branchings that the public must cognize about before sing offshore boring. ; and eventually the ultimate effects it will hold on the opportunities of working other marine resources that will hold small or no negative effects on the environment, the marine beings and worlds.AIMS AND OBJECTIVESBy analysis of H2O samples utilizing — — — — – setup, observation of marine life signifiers and deposits analysis for oozes of hydrocarbons in them utilizing — — — — — – equipment, this survey will: 1. Outline possible impacts of offshore crude oil geographic expedition and development 2. Chase away the legion myths that have been put forth by oil boring advocates. 3. Suggests options that will accomplish energy independency from fossil fuel 4. Analyze the effects of seaward oil boring on the opportunities of working other marine resources that will hold small or no negative effects on the Marine environment, marine beings and worlds.ActivitiesTo ease this survey and accomplish the set aims, the undermentioned activities will be carried out: Available literature on the effects of seaward oil boring will be extensively reviewed. This will organize a footing for this research Qualitative modeling to measure the direct impact of each phase of oil boring on the marine ecosystem and coastal countries Exploration of possible options to fossil fuels with really small or no hurtful effects on the environment.MethodThe information ( where available ) , samples of H2O and may be life signifiers that will be observed during this survey will be sourced from — — — — — — offshore platforms located at — — — — — — — . Besides, peoples ‘ single sentiments will be sought to find the extent to which offshore geographic expedition affects them. If decently done, this rating will be a valuable tool for avoiding possible environmental and aquatic jeopardies occasioned by ceaseless development offshore. These methods may alter depending on when this surveies will get down and the development of more powerful tools and techniques that will be more efficient, give truth and lucidity of consequences ; and besides be cost effectual.EXPECTED OUTPUTSThe universe ‘s oceans and beaches are critical recreational, economic and ecological hoarded wealths that will be polluted by an addition in offshore crude oil boring. Alternatively of recommending for transient and environmentally less harmful ways to run into the planetary demand for oil, we should seek a comprehensive and environmentally sustainable energy program that will include energy preservation and may be fuel efficiency if we must utilize fossil fuel. After the purposes and objectives that this survey sets out to accomplish has been attained, it is expected that the consequences obtained and observations made will: 1. Deter crude oil industry ‘s participants and their affiliates from offshore development. 2. Cause us to look towards developing sustainable energy solutions that includes renewable beginnings and preservation that will protect our natural resources, instead than boring for fossil fuels off our oceans. 3. Cause us to ablactate ourselves off the over-dependence on oil to salvage our environment and cut down the worsening consequence of clime alteration. 4. Save and protect our coastlines from industrialisation. 5. Chase away the assorted myths that advocates of seaward development are invariably seeking to jostle down our pharynxs. 6. Promote a rush in the figure of ocean protection protagonists.RestrictionSince the informations to be used for this work were non generated personally, some degrees of uncertainness as to the truth of the work exist. Problemn, may originate during sample Problems with package use may originate if tutorial is non given.Duration OF PROJECTAll things being equal, research undertaking continuance is expected to cross a period of three old ages, between the beginning of the work and entry of bound study. A Gantt chart, ( an illustration is shown below ) will be used to demo a dislocation of what and when an activity will be carried out. An activity, whenever completed will be struck off to give lucidity to works yet to be done.UndertakingDurationApr.MayJun.Jul.Aug.Sept.Oct.NovResearch Definition/Proposal Submission 5 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAInterim presentation/proposal defense mechanism 1 twenty-four hoursAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALiterature research and background surveies 4 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPetrel G & A ; G tutorial 1 hebdomadAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAModelling/ analyses utilizing package 3 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQuantitative modelling/ design surveies 2 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACompilation/ presentation of patterning consequences to supervisor 1 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAWrite-up 3 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAASubmission of bill of exchange for cogent evidence reading/supervisor ‘s sign-off 2 yearssAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAlteration of study 2 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAApproval/submission of concluding study 3 yearssAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPresentation and oral session 1 hebdomadAAAAAAAATable 1: Example of a typical Gnatt ChartSummaryOffshore oil boring and oil spills have the possible to critically impact pristine Marine ecosystems. While there are legion environmental jobs associated with oil boring, there are besides negative economic impacts that we merely can non afford during difficult economic times. It is imperative that we switch off from an old mentality of trusting on fossil fuels. Climate alteration and other environmental jobs are non waiting for us to reconstruct our energy portfolio. Oil boring and continued usage of fossil fuels will merely worsen clime alteration, and maintain us trapped in a backward frame of head which overlooks sustainable energy and preservation. New offshore boring is non portion of the reply to sustainable energy instead the replies for sustainable energy is already gazing us right in the face. At the completion of this survey, recommendations will be suggested that will restrict or wholly extinguish the impacts of offshore geographic expedition and development.

Developing Students Creativity and Self-Expression through Crayons

Developing Students Creativity and Self-Expression through Crayons Crayons are brilliant, versatile, and economical coloring instruments that most school-age children are familiar with. Art sessions in grade school, for example, intends to nourish creativity and self-expression in children by introducing art tools and materials such as a paintbrush, scissors, paint, clay, crayons, colored papers, and others. Creative Possibilities with Crayons Crayons are used by middle-school students to draw colored shapes and in the process develop some creative skills they can use to express themselves. Students are humans with a natural desire to use their hands and materials as vehicles for artistic expression thus often welcome art creation opportunities. Activities such as â€Å"Crayon Melting† where students create a self-initiated art design using heated wax crayons and paper is a common classroom-based activity. Art classes expand student experiences through  collaboration, two-way communication, and appreciation of each student’s talent. It encourages the growth of visual awareness and skills to develop aesthetic understanding, coordination, concentration, and self-esteem. REMEMBERING OUR FIRST STAGE OF EDUCATION Similar to pencil, chalk, paint, and others, crayons provide opportunities for students to express and communicate their interpretation of the world around them. For instance, they can observe a plant, a tree, or a piece of fruit and draw an image according to their personal representation of that object.  Painting objects with crayons enable children to learn to mix colors, take responsibility for the art tool and image and develop their understanding of different media. Activities in art classes help children learn to use their imagination and express their ideas through art, sharpened their visual expression skills, create meaning by linking text and image and develop their presentation skills. Making Good Use of Quality Crayons Poor quality crayons often result in tears and frustration among young school children. This is because the resulting color of poor quality crayons is often not exact and cannot be combined to form new colors. Wax from a good quality crayons cannot be scratch off from the paper, they intermixed well with the pigment and produced with equally combined pigment and wax. Good quality crayon boxes with few colors are sufficient enough to produce colorful work of art as you can mix them to form new colors. For instance, putting a layer of yellow over a blue area will result to vivid green. Thick crayons are preferred over the thin ones as they do not break easily. Similarly, using only a few pieces of crayons encourage experimentation, creativity, and application of different crayon techniques. For example, crayon boxes with few color encourage mixing of colors to produce desired color, use of both pointed and broad crayon side, and greater use of students’ imagination. Crayons are not limited to drawing on paper as they can be used to draw images in many types of surfaces such as cardboards, paper gift boxes, food trays, sandpaper, and others with interest effect. †Crayon rubbing†, a technique to pick up the texture of a surface on paper by rubbing it with the side of a peeled crayon, is an enjoyable art class activity where students experiment and produce artworks from walls, leaves, bricks, and other surfaces. Another is â€Å"Crayon resist†, a technique that gives the feeling of a night picture by drawing a picture on paper with crayons, pressing hard and painting the surrounding area with dark-colored tempera paint diluted in water.

Benazir Bhutto - Former Prime Minister of Pakistan

Benazir Bhutto - Former Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto was born into one of South Asias great political dynasties, Pakistans equivalent of the Nehru/Gandhi dynasty in India. Her father was president of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973, and Prime Minister from 1973 to 1977; his father, in turn, was prime minister of a princely state before independence and the Partition of India. Politics in Pakistan, however, is a dangerous game. In the end, Benazir, her father, and both of her brothers would die violently. Early Life Benazir Bhutto was born on June 21, 1953 in Karachi, Pakistan, the first child of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Begum Nusrat Ispahani. Nusrat was from Iran, and practiced Shia Islam, while her husband (and most other Pakistanis) practiced Sunni Islam. They raised Benazir and their other children as Sunnis  but in an open-minded and non-doctrinaire fashion. The couple later would have two sons and another daughter: Murtaza (born in 1954), daughter Sanam (born in 1957), and Shahnawaz (born in 1958). As the eldest child, Benazir was expected to do very well in her studies, regardless of her gender. Benazir went to school in Karachi through high school, then attended Radcliffe College (now part of Harvard University) in the United States, where she studied comparative government. Bhutto later said that her experience in Boston reconfirmed her belief in the power of democracy. After graduating from Radcliffe in 1973, Benazir Bhutto spent several additional years studying at Oxford University in Great Britain. She took a wide variety of courses in international law and diplomacy, economics, philosophy and politics. Entry into Politics Four years into Benazirs studies in England, the Pakistani military overthrew her fathers government in a coup. The coup leader, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, imposed martial law on Pakistan and had Zulfikar Ali Bhutto arrested on trumped-up conspiracy charges. Benazir returned home, where she and her brother Murtaza worked for 18 months to rally public opinion in support of their jailed father. The Supreme Court of Pakistan, meanwhile, convicted Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of conspiracy to commit murder  and sentenced him to death by hanging. Due to their activism on behalf of their father, Benazir and Murtaza were placed under house arrest off and on. As Zulfikars designated execution date of April 4, 1979 drew closer, Benazir, her mother, and her younger siblings were all arrested and imprisoned in a police camp. Imprisonment Despite an international outcry, General Zias government hanged Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on April 4, 1979. Benazir, her brother, and her mother were in prison at the time  and were not allowed to prepare the former prime ministers body for burial in accordance with Islamic law. When Bhuttos Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) won local elections that spring, Zia canceled national elections and sent the surviving members of the Bhutto family to prison in Larkana, about 460 kilometers (285 miles) north of Karachi. Over the next five years, Benazir Bhutto would be held either in prison or under house arrest. Her worst experience was in a desert prison at Sukkur, where she was held in solitary confinement for six months of 1981, including the worst of the summer heat. Tormented by insects, and with her hair falling out and skin peeling off from the baking temperatures, Bhutto had to be hospitalized for several months after this experience. Once Benazir was sufficiently recovered from her term at Sukkur Jail, Zias government sent her back to the Karachi Central Jail, then to Larkana once more, and back to Karachi under house arrest. Meanwhile, her mother, who had also been held at Sukkur, was diagnosed with lung cancer. Benazir herself had developed an inner ear problem that required surgery. International pressure mounted for Zia to allow them to leave Pakistan to seek medical care. Finally, after six years of moving the Bhutto family from one form of imprisonment to the next, General Zia allowed them to go into exile in order to get treatment. Exile Benazir Bhutto and her mother went to London in January of 1984 to begin their self-imposed medical exile. As soon as Benazirs ear problem was remedied, she began to publicly advocate against the Zia regime. Tragedy touched the family once more on July 18, 1985. After a family picnic, Benazirs youngest brother, the 27-year-old Shah Nawaz Bhutto, died of poisoning in his home in France. His family believed that his Afghan princess wife, Rehana, had murdered Shah Nawaz at the behest of the Zia regime; although French police held her in custody for some time, no charges were ever brought against her. Despite her grief, Benazir Bhutto continued her political involvement. She became the leader in exile of her fathers Pakistan Peoples Party. Marriage Family Life Between the assassinations of her close relatives and Benazirs own frantically busy political schedule, she had no time for dating or meeting men. In fact, by the time she entered her 30s, Benazir Bhutto had begun to assume that she would never marry; politics would be her lifes work and only love. However, her family had other ideas. An auntie advocated for a fellow Sindhi and scion of a landed family, a young man named Asif Ali Zardari. Benazir refused to even meet him at first, but after a concerted effort by her family and his, the marriage was arranged (despite Benazirs feminist qualms about arranged marriages). The marriage was a happy one, and the couple had three children - a son, Bilawal (born 1988), and two daughters, Bakhtawar (born 1990) and Aseefa (born 1993). They had hoped for a larger family, but Asif Zardari was imprisoned for seven years, so they were unable to have more children. Return and Election as Prime Minister On August 17, 1988, the Bhuttos received a favor from the heavens, as it were. A C-130 carrying General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and several of his top military commanders, along with US Ambassador to Pakistan Arnold Lewis Raphel, crashed near Bahawalpur, in the Punjab region of Pakistan. No definitive cause was ever established, although theories included sabotage, Indian missile strike, or a suicidal pilot. Simple mechanical failure seems the most likely cause, however. Zias unexpected death cleared the way for Benazir and her mother to lead the PPP to victory in the November 16, 1988 parliamentary elections. Benazir became Pakistans eleventh prime minister on December 2, 1988. Not only was she Pakistans first female Prime Minister, but also the first woman to lead a Muslim nation in modern times. She focused on social and political reforms, which rankled more traditional or Islamist politicians. Prime Minister Bhutto faced a number of international policy problems during her first tenure in office, including the Soviet and American withdrawal from Afghanistan and the resulting chaos. Bhutto reached out to India, establishing a good working relationship with Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, but that initiative failed when he was voted out of office, and then assassinated by Tamil Tigers in 1991. Pakistans relationship with the United States, already strained by the situation in Afghanistan, broke altogether in 1990 over the issue of nuclear weapons. Benazir Bhutto firmly believed that Pakistan needed a credible nuclear deterrent, since India had already tested a nuclear bomb in 1974. Corruption Charges On the domestic front, Prime Minister Bhutto sought to improve human rights and the position of women in Pakistani society. She restored freedom of the press  and allowed labor unions and student groups to meet openly once again. Prime Minister Bhutto also working assiduously to weaken the ultra-conservative president of Pakistan, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, and his allies in the military leadership. However, Khan had veto power over parliamentary actions, which severely restricted Benazirs effectiveness on matters of political reform. In November of 1990, Khan dismissed Benazir Bhutto from the Prime Ministership and called new elections. She was charged with corruption and nepotism under the Eighth Amendment to the Pakistani Constitution; Bhutto always maintained that the charges were purely political. The conservative parliamentarian Nawaz Sharif became the new prime minister, while Benazir Bhutto was relegated to being the opposition leader for five years. When Sharif also tried to repeal the Eighth Amendment, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan used it to recall his government in 1993, just as he had done to Bhuttos government three years earlier. As a result, Bhutto and Sharif joined forces to oust President Khan in 1993. Second Term as Prime Minister In October of 1993, Benazir Bhuttos PPP got a plurality of the parliamentary seats  and formed a coalition government. Once again, Bhutto became prime minister. Her hand-picked candidate for the presidency, Farooq Leghari, took office in the place of Khan. In 1995, an alleged conspiracy to oust Bhutto in a military coup was exposed, and the leaders tried and jailed for sentences of two to fourteen years. Some observers believe that the putative coup was simply an excuse for Benazir to rid the military of some of her opponents. On the other hand, she had first-hand knowledge of the danger a military coup could pose, considering her fathers fate. Tragedy struck the Bhuttos once more on September 20, 1996, when Karachi police shot dead Benazirs surviving brother, Mir Ghulam Murtaza Bhutto. Murtaza had not gotten along well with Benazirs husband, which sparked conspiracy theories about his assassination. Even Benazir Bhuttos own mother accused the prime minister and her husband of causing Murtazas death. In 1997, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was dismissed from office once more, this time by President Leghari, whom she had supported. Again, she was charged with corruption; her husband, Asif Ali Zardari, was also implicated. Leghari reportedly believed that the couple was implicated in Murtaza Bhuttos assassination. Exile Once More Benazir Bhutto stood for parliamentary elections in February of 1997  but was defeated. Meanwhile, her husband had been arrested trying to get to Dubai  and went on trial for corruption. While in prison, Zardari won a parliamentary seat. In April of 1999, both Benazir Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari were convicted of corruption  and were fined $8.6 million US each. They were both sentenced to five years in prison. However, Bhutto was already in Dubai, which refused to extradite her back to Pakistan, so only Zardari served his sentence. In 2004, after his release, he joined his wife in exile in Dubai. Return to Pakistan On October 5, 2007, General and President Pervez Musharraf granted Benazir Bhutto amnesty from all of her corruption convictions. Two weeks later, Bhutto returned to Pakistan to campaign for the 2008 elections. On the day she landed at Karachi, a suicide bomber attacked her convoy surrounded by well-wishers, killing 136 and injuring 450; Bhutto escaped unharmed. In response, Musharraf declared a state of emergency on November 3. Bhutto criticized the declaration  and called Musharraf a dictator. Five days later, Benazir Bhutto was placed under house arrest to prevent her from rallying her supporters against the state of emergency. Bhutto was freed from house arrest the following day, but the state of emergency remained in effect until December 16, 2007. In the meantime, however, Musharraf gave up his post as a general in the army, affirming his intention to rule as a civilian. The Assassination of Benazir Bhutto On December 27, 2007, Bhutto appeared at an election rally in the park known as Liaquat National Bagh in Rawalpindi. As she was leaving the rally, she stood up to wave to supporters through the sunroof of her SUV. A gunman shot her three times, and then explosives went off all around the vehicle. Twenty people died on the scene; Benazir Bhutto passed away about an hour later in the hospital. Her cause of death was not the gunshot wounds but rather blunt force head trauma. The blast of the explosions had slammed her head into the edge of the sunroof with terrible force. Benazir Bhutto died at the age of 54, leaving behind a complicated legacy. The charges of corruption leveled against her husband and herself do not seem to have been entirely invented for political reasons, despite Bhuttos assertions to the contrary in her autobiography. We may never know whether she had any fore-knowledge about her brothers assassination. In the end, though, nobody can question Benazir Bhuttos bravery. She and her family endured tremendous hardships, and whatever her faults as a leader, she genuinely did strive to improve life for the ordinary people of Pakistan. For more information about women in power in Asia, see this list of Female Heads of State. Sources Bahadur, Kalim. Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts, New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications, 1998. Obituary: Benazir Bhutto, BBC News, Dec. 27, 2007. Bhutto, Benazir. Daughter of Destiny: An Autobiography, 2nd ed., New York: Harper Collins, 2008. Bhutto, Benazir. Reconciliation: Islam, Democracy, and the West, New York: Harper Collins, 2008. Englar, Mary. Benazir Bhutto: Pakistani Prime Minister and Activist, Minneapolis, MN: Compass Point Books, 2006.

Human Resource (Supporting Organizational Strategies) Assignment

Human Resource (Supporting Organizational Strategies) - Assignment Example American Airlines and Southwest Airlines have taken different approaches to the way each organization handled on-time flights. The culture he describes in American Airlines is one of fear, promoting blame amongst the employees. Leaders demand to know who is responsible for the problem, focusing on accountability instead of the true causes (Pfeffer, 2005). On the other hand, Southwest Airlines is described as breeding a culture of accountability, but from a different perspective than that of American Airlines. Rather than focusing on the individual or group of people who have caused the delay, they make it a point to promote the fact that delays are everyone’s responsible; supporting the mind-set that the organization is a team. Thus, Pfeffer (2005) describes Southwest Airlines as having greater success in its approach, working to find solutions rather than the person or department to blame the problem on. Managing a company’s culture has been proven to be at the root of its successes, and failures (Pfeffer, 2005). While accountability is extremely important in business, who is being held accountable is even more critical. As can be seen in the American Airlines example discussed, the blame-game can transform a well-meaning system into a useless chain of finger-pointing in a hurry. Then, the focus is on finding out who is responsible for the problem, rather than how it happened, to try and avoid it in the future; hence, Pfeffer’s emphasis on changing leader mind-sets to change the culture. key source of competitive advantage,† there is another responsibility, just as crucial to overall business success, that Human Resources (HR) must consider (Pfeffer, 2005, p. 127). Pfeffer (2005) suggests the diagnosis of changes to be made in regard to the mind-set of an organization is one of the most important, yet most underestimated tasks the HR team will

Climate Change Impacts on Indigenous People Research Paper

Climate Change Impacts on Indigenous People - Research Paper Example According to archaeologists, food storage is widespread and sharing or reciprocity is integral to survival during climate change and catastrophes (Cherrington 18). Nevertheless, a great deal of what populations have created in reaction to catastrophe has also been quite unsound. Social and environmental pressures lead to a huge number of deaths and conflicts. Destruction of ancient civilizations is more widespread than survival. These are vicious and potent lessons to reflect on as individuals and/or groups try to learn from indigenous communities about climate change. Across the globe, agriculture was cultivated at the conclusion of the final ice age, at the advent of the Holocene roughly 11,500 years ago (Geoffrey 18). There have been significant alterations in hydrological processes and in intense weather episodes as well, and changes in temperature throughout the Holocene. The ‘Anthropocene’ theory states that human activities, mostly agriculture and deforestation, l ed to rise in carbon dioxide over the last eight thousand years and rise in methane gas over the last five thousand years (Geoffrey 18). If this hypothesis is true, there are significant repercussions for human-made climate change. Measurements of climate change have coherently revealed and verified that the Earth’s climate is shifting. As reported in the latest statements of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), there is clear and indisputable proof that the climate of the world is warming and that this is almost certainly caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) provoked by human beings (UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs 95). Human activity has weakened the environmental strength of the planet by exploiting the atmosphere as a cesspool for GHGs. Climate change is an adverse reaction presently felt in the world as an outcome of the increase in greenhouse gas production and discharges as a result of burning of fossil fue ls, mostly for transportation and industrial operations. Due to this ‘smoke’ emitted from machines and automobiles, carbon dioxide gas is accumulated in the atmosphere and raises the intensity of heat in the planet (Chavez & Tauli-Corpuz 39-42). This occurrence is known as the ‘greenhouse effect’. Since the 19th century, global temperatures have risen by roughly 0.74%. A further increase in temperature is expected and indigenous peoples will be more seriously affected than other populations. The effect of climate change involves (UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs 95): diminishing polar sea ice and rising of sea levels, threatening low-lying coastal areas, notably many small islands in the Pacific; greater exposure to natural disasters, such as floods, and to frequent and intense extreme weather events; degradation of wetlands due to changing freeze-thaw cycles; glacial melts in high-altitude regions and subsequent inundations of valleys and hill areas; increased fires in tropical rainforests; changes in precipitation and desertification. Even though climate change is an occurrence that affects the entire world, affecting all peoples and places, different environments and areas are affected quite differently. Indigenous peoples are by now coping with effects of climate change in their everyday lives. Changes due to climate change, such as weakening of

Maya Angelou's I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Research Paper

Maya Angelou's I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings - Research Paper Example It is important to consider the roles of the females in her life as well as those of the males. She seems to gather her greatest resources from the female society of relatives and friends, and she likewise strengthens her strong female affinities as a result of the negative relationships and experiences she finds in most of the male characters. Knowledge is passed to Maya through the female mother figures in her life; this includes her mother, her grandmothers, and Mrs. Flowers. Her first and foremost female relationship, as depicted in Caged Bird, with her paternal grandmother, Annie Henderson, whom Maya and her brother Bailey call Momma. The young siblings are shipped to Momma, in Stamps, Arkansas, by their parents. It is she who raises them during their early childhood years in this rural southern setting of the early 1930's. Momma is known as a good-looking woman, but Maya sees her through different eyes. "I saw only her power and strength. She was taller than any woman in my personal world, and her hands were so large they could span my head from ear to ear" (46). Momma had been married three times. She had two sons, one of whom is Maya's father, Bailey, Sr. Maya accepts Momma as a mother figure and role model. She teaches Maya through her words and through her actions. Maya learns from Momma how racism plays a part in their lives and how to handle and recognize it (47). An important tribute in the book to Momma's strength is how she deals with the "powhitetrash" girls who come up to the store and taunt her. They mock her stance and her facial expressions, and then one girl does a handstand, and in so doing reveals her lack of undergarments. Momma stands her ground in the face of this insult, and though seemingly powerless, she finds her strength within her will. She wills herself to rise above the whole scene. Not unlike her slave ancestors, she sings and hums in the face of adversity (32,33) Momma tells Maya to wash the tears from her face. And as Maya complies she observes, ''Whatever the contest had been out front, I knew Momma had won" (33). Already, the author recognizes the power, strength, and spirit of her grandmother and appreciates her life and teachings. "Her world was bordered on all sides with work, duty, religion and 'her place.' I do n't think she ever knew that a deep-brooding love hung over everything she touched" (57). In her work, "The Grandmother in African and African/American Literature," Mildred Hill-Lubin discusses Grandmother Henderson and others like her. Hill-Lubin calls these women the "sheroes" of the time (p. 266). She talks about how the African family has suffered under the burden of slavery and colonialism. However, she feels that the reason for its perseverance and survival is the grandmother. The grandmother's role, function and importance can be traced to the revered status, position, and responsibilities which elders hold in West African society (Hill-Lubin 258). The grandmother often maintained a household which consisted of her unmarried or married children and of her grandchildren; in this way the resources were pooled. The 1930's was a period of rough times, and there wasn't enough money for individuals to live separately. Consequently, some would strike out on their own, as did Maya's parents, and the childrearing was left to the grandmother. She had to be tough and strong in order to pull things together in so many ways for the entire family' Both of Maya's grandmothers are "strong, independent, skillful women who are able to manage their

The Identifying Factor Of Azotobacter

The Identifying Factor Of Azotobacter It is all too easy to forget about the soil microorganisms that are so crucial to the health of the flora and fauna of an ecosystem. When speaking of soil microorganisms, this classification can be further broken down into three subcategories: fungi, protista and bacteria, with bacteria making up the largest portion of the microorganisms (Boyle et al., 2007, Pelczar et al. 1993). These soil microorganisms play a central role to the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients such as, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulphur; elements which are detrimental for the growth and life of organisms (Bastida et al., 2007). In addition to their role in nutrient cycling, soil microorganisms largely contribute to soil structures by breaking down and decomposing organic matters, and are also an important food source for other organisms such as earth worms and amoebae (Bastida et al., 2007). Considering the impact of soil microorganisms on the environment and ecosystem, it is easy to see how soil microorganisms also impact human lifestyle and economy. In recent times, a flood of research has been conducted on the importance of microorganisms on agriculture, with interests in the ability of nitrogen fixing bacteria to substitute for nitrogenous fertilizers (Cakmacki et al. 2006). This lab focused on the bacterial portion of soil microorganisms, specifically, the isolation and identification of a single bacterium from a local soil sample using a number of aseptic laboratory techniques and Bergeys Manual of Systemic Bacteriology (1984). Materials and Methods The following methods were taken from the Biology 203 Lab Manual (Robertson 2008). Two soil samples were taken, the first from forest soil and the second, a coarse woody debris, from compost. These two samples were serially diluted to make solutions from 10E-2 to 10E-7, and from each sample pour plates, slants, streak plates and broths were inoculated using aseptic technique. The colony morphologies were observed and recorded and each plate was enumerated. From these samples 4 bacteria were chosen and subcultured onto streak plates and slants. After preparing and Gram Staining the slides the cell morphologies of the bacteria were observed and noted. The colonies were again subcultured onto streak plates and tested for the ability to hydrolyze starch by adding Iodine. The colonies were also cultured into Sulfide, Indole and Motility (SIM) deeps to test for the presences of the Sulfur cycle and motility. In addition Peptone broths were inoculated and the cultures were tested for ammoni fication. Ammonium sulfate broths and nitrite broths were inoculated and nitrification was tested for as well denitrification was tested for by inoculating nitrate broths. Aerobic respiration was confirmed when catalase tests were carried out by adding H2O2 to a sample of bacterium. Finally cultures were individually exposed to each of several different temperatures, salinities and levels of pH in order to determine their optimal environmental conditions. A single colony of bacteria was chosen to be identified: bacteria 1 from soil sample 2. Results The colony morphology can be described as a glistening opaque white color with a flat and irregular shape. The growth was smooth and soft. The diameter of the colony approximated 15mm. Under 1000x magnification it was revealed that the cells were bacilli, singlet and had a diameter of approximately 2ÃŽ ¼m. The cells stained Gram negative. Table 1: Summary of Results for Unidentified Bacterium 1 of Soil Sample 2 Test Result Starch Hydrolysis Positive H2S reduction Negative Motility Negative Aerobic or Anaerobic Aerobic Ammonification Positive Denitrification (NO3- to NO2-) Negative Nitrification (NH3/NH4+ to NO2-) Positive Nitrification (NH3/NH4+ to NO3-) Positive Catalase Positive Optimal temperature 22Â °C Optimal pH 5 Optimal salt concentration 0% The results of the remainder of the tests biochemical and environmental are summarized by Table 1. It was concluded based on the Iodine and starch reaction that this bacterium hydrolyzed starch as a source of Carbon. The Sulfur cycle did not occur as there was no black precipitate from the combination of Iron and hydrogen sulfide found in the SIM deeps. The SIM deeps did reveal that these bacteria were non-motile, growing only on the stab line. The proteins in the peptone broth were degraded to ammonia signifying that this bacterium is an ammonifer. Nitrification was also confirmed with the bacteria oxidizing the NH3 and NH4+ in the broths to NO2- and NO3. Denitrification however, did not occur; NO3 was not reduced. The addition of H2O2 led to bubbling as it reacted with catalase present in the cells. Optimal environmental conditions were found to be 22Â °C, pH of 5 and 0% salinity. Between the temperatures of 4, 15, 22 and 54Â °C, growth was strongest at 22Â °C, then 15 and wea kest at 37 and 4Â °C . Growth at pH was only slightly stronger than at pH 7 but substantially stronger than at pH 3 and 9 (refer to table 2). Growth in salinity was best at 0% and decreased with .05%, 2% and 5% respectively. Table 2: Growth of bacterium 1 at various pH based on absorbance levels at 580nm pH Bacterial Growth 3 .227 5 .692 7 .510 9 .147 Discussion Each of these steps aided in the possible identification of the bacterium as Azobacteraceae Azotobacter a genera of bacteria found in soil, water and roots (Bergeys Manual, 1984). Due to the thinner layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by a phospholipid outer membrane as opposed to a thick external layer of peptidoglycan this bacterium stained Gram negative (Prescot, Harley and Klein 2005). Of vital importance for identification was the presence of catalase, an enzyme present in aerobic bacteria that breaks down the toxic byproduct of electron transport: H2O2 (Wang et al. 2008). The search to identify Bacterium 1 began with these two broad criteria: Gram negative and aerobic respiration. This particular bacterium was non-motile, the bacterium grew only along the stab line in the SIM deep rather than spreading throughout the medium. This turned out to be an important factor while identifying as it as Azotobacter which contains both motile and non-motile bacteria (Bergeys Manual, 1984). T hese three qualities alone pointed in the direction of Azotobacter; the biochemical and environmental tests served to confirm that Bacterium 1 was indeed Azotobacter by matching the characteristics of this particular genera to the bacterium. Nitrification was a common characteristic between the two and was confirmed to occur in Bacterium 1 when the ammonia broth was oxidized to nitrite and nitrite was oxidized to nitrate (Bergeys Manual, 1984). Denitrification however, did not occur the nitrate was left intact and un-reduced. Ammonification, the breakdown of nitrogen containing compounds to ammonia, was also a common characteristic of Bacterium 1 and Azotobacter (Bergeys Manual, 1984, Roberts, 2008). Although the test for motility in the SIM deep was positive, the sulfur cycle test in the SIM had a negative result. The sulfur containing compounds were not reduced by the bacterium to produce H2S and, this result even as a negative, was an important factor in identification because Azotobacter also does not reduce sulfur (Bergeys Manual, 1984, Roberts, 2008). Bergeys Manual (1984) classifies Azotobacter as a heterotroph and, similarly Bacterium 1 was identified as a heterotroph when Iodine was added to the streak plate con taining starch and no color change occurred in the area under and around the colony. This was an indication of the bacterium breaking down and metabolizing the starch. Finally, the optimal environmental conditions of both Bacterium 1 and Azotobactera were found to be very similar. The optimal conditions were stated as: pH of 4.8 8.5, temperature of 15 37ËÅ ¡C and low salinity (Bergeys Manual, 1984). Bacterium 1 had very similar environmental conditions of: pH of 5, 22ËÅ ¡C and salinity of 0% NaCl. Considering the nitrifying and ammonifiying qualities of the Azotobacter, this bacterium plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle by breaking down proteins and converting the nitrogen into a form that can then be used by other organisms (Butenschoen, Marhan and Scheu, 2007, Cakmakci et al. 2006). Azotobacter, as one of the more common nitrifying soil microbes, is known to produce a great amount of usable Nitrogen, and therefore is closely linked to plant growth and health (Cakmakci et al. 2006, Prescot, Harley and Klein 2005). Interestingly, although many nitrifying organisms hold a symbiotic relationship with plant roots, providing Nitrogen in exchange for nutrients, Azotobacter, in particular, does not (Prescot, Harley and Klein 2005). Azotobacter also carries out starch hydrolysis, and therefore aids in the decomposition of organic matter in soil and the mineralization process (Smith and Smith, 2001). The identification of Bacterium 1 as Azobacteraceae Azotobacter is not definite and several other tests would have required in order to prove this statement as true. One test which would have been very helpful would have been a test for cyst formation; a key characteristic of the Azotobacter (Bergeys Manual, 1984, Prescot, Harley and Klein 2005). The Azotobacter are not rhizobacteria and therefore it would have been appropriate if there were some way of observing the bacteria in their natural habitat. In addition, the tests that were carried out had limitations to the amount of information that could have been gleaned from the results. The nitrification, ammonification, and denitrification tests were based on a simple color change, and there was no way of telling the process by which these functions, if present, occurred, nor were the tests specific to the concentration of the compounds present. All of these tests and techniques could also have been subjected to error, for example, m easurement errors under the microscope, errors in serial dilutions and even, contamination of cultures. From a simple compost soil sample it was possible to isolate and subculture a single bacterium species. Using various biochemical tests such as, tests for nitrification, ammonification, denitrification and the sulfur cycle, it was possible to determine the characteristic metabolic functions of the organism. These results, in addition to observation of cell and colony morphology, especially Gram staining, enabled the identification of the bacterium as Azobacteraceae Azotobacter.